References

On this page you will find the full listing of references for Petroleum and the Environment (2018)

Part 1: Petroleum and the Environment: An Introduction

¹ U.S. Energy Information Administration – U.S. Energy Facts Explained.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/?page=us_energy_home

² International Energy Agency (2017). Key world energy statistics, 2017.
Accessed from: https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2017.pdf

³ U.S. Energy Information Administration (2018). Annual Energy Outlook 2018.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/

⁴ U.S. Energy Information Administration (2012). Energy Perspectives 1949-2011.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/perspectives.php

⁵ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Monthly Energy Review.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/index.php

⁶ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_prod_sum_a_EPG0_FGW_mmcf_m.htm

⁷ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Crude Oil Production.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_crd_crpdn_adc_mbblpd_a.htm

⁸ U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration – Data and Statistics Overview.
Accessed from: https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/data-and-statistics/pipeline/data-and-statistics-overview

⁹ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Petroleum & Other Liquids: Exports.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_exp_dc_NUS-Z00_mbblpd_m.htm

¹⁰ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – Climate change impacts.
Accessed from: http://www.noaa.gov/resource-collections/climate-change-impacts

¹¹ NASA – The consequences of climate change.
Accessed from: https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/

¹² U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data

¹³ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Assessment of the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas on Drinking Water Resources.
Accessed from: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/hfstudy/recordisplay.cfm?deid=244651

¹⁴ National Research Council (2013). Induced Seismicity Potential in Energy Technologies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Accessed from: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13355/induced-seismicity-potential-in-energy-technologies

¹⁵ Foulger, G et al. (2017). Global review of human-induced earthquakes. Earth-Science Reviews, 178, 438-514.
Accessed from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001282521730003X

¹⁶ U.S. Geological Survey – Induced Earthquakes: Myths and Misconceptions.
Accessed from: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/induced/myths.php

¹⁷ Atkinson, G.M. et al. (2016). Hydraulic Fracturing and Seismicity in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Seismological Research Letters 87(3), 631-647.
Accessed from: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/srl/article-abstract/87/3/631/315665/hydraulic-fracturing-and-seismicity-in-the-western

¹⁸ American Geosciences Institute (2017). State Responses to Induced Earthquakes.
Accessed from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_jeWHqiIvE&list=PLTBBygdCOWWeAnaAcLu1r-rwZYPx64Hyw&index=35

¹⁹ U.S. Energy Information Administration – What is U.S. electricity generation by energy source?
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=427&t=3

²⁰ “Steamflooding Keeps California Field Producing 117 Years Later.” S. Weeden, E&P Magazine, April 1, 2016.
Accessed from: https://www.epmag.com/steamflooding-keeps-california-field-producing-117-years-later-844191

²¹ U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration – Incident Statistics.
Accessed from: https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/hazmat-program-management-data-and-statistics/data-operations/incident-statistics

Part 2: Water in the Oil and Gas Industry

¹ Maupin, M.A. et al. (2014). Estimated Water Use in the United States in 2010. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1405.
Accessed from: https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1405/

² U.S. Geological Survey - How much water does the typical hydraulically fractured well require?
Accessed from: https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-much-water-does-typical-hydraulically-fractured-well-require

³ Veil, J. (2015). U.S. Produced Water Volumes and Management Practices in 2012
Accessed from: http://www.veilenvironmental.com/publications/pw/prod_water_volume_2012.pdf

⁴ National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine (2017). Flowback and Produced Waters: Opportunities and Challenges for Innovation: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington DC: The National Academies Press.
Accessed from: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24620/flowback-and-produced-waters-opportunities-and-challenges-for-innovation-proceedings

⁵ U.S. Geological Survey - Wastewater Disposal Facility in Colorado.
Accessed from: https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/wastewater-disposal-facility-colorado

⁶ Scanlon, BR, et al. (2014). Comparison of Water Use for Hydraulic Fracturing for Unconventional Oil and Gas versus Conventional Oil. Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 12386-12393.
Accessed from: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es502506v

⁷ Clark, C.E. et al. (2013). Life Cycle Water Consumption for Shale Gas and Conventional Natural Gas. Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 11829-11836.
Accessed from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es4013855

Part 3: Induced Seismicity from Oil and Gas Operations

¹ National Research Council (2013). Induced Seismicity Potential in Energy Technologies
Accessed from: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13355/induced-seismicity-potential-in-energy-technologies

² Nicholson, C. and Wesson, R.L. (1990). Earthquake Hazard Associated with Deep Well Injection – A Report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1951.
Accessed from: https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1951/report.pdf

³ American Geosciences Institute (2017). State Responses to Induced Seismicity.
Accessed from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_jeWHqiIvE&list=PLTBBygdCOWWeAnaAcLu1r-rwZYPx64Hyw&index=35

⁴ Atkinson, G. et al. (2016). Hydraulic Fracturing and Seismicity in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Seismological Research Letters, 87(3), 631-647.
Accessed from: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/srl/article-abstract/87/3/631/315665/hydraulic-fracturing-and-seismicity-in-the-western

⁵ U.S. Geological Survey – Induced Earthquakes: Overview.
Accessed from: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/induced/overview.php

⁶ Veil, J. (2015). U.S. Produced Water Volumes and Management Practices in 2012.
Accessed from: http://www.veilenvironmental.com/publications/pw/prod_water_volume_2012.pdf

⁷ U.S. Geological Survey – Do all wastewater disposal wells induce earthquakes?
Accessed from: https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/do-all-wastewater-disposal-wells-induce-earthquakes

⁸ U.S. Geological Survey (2017) – Short-term Induced Seismicity Models.
Accessed from: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/induced/

⁹ U.S. Geological Survey - Earthquake Catalog.
Accessed from: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/search/

¹⁰ U.S. Geological Survey – House Damage from 2011 Oklahoma Earthquake.
Accessed from: https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/house-damage-2011-oklahoma-earthquake

¹¹ Kansas Geological Survey (2017). Update on Kansas Seismicity: A Year of Change, What Does it Mean?
Accessed from: http://www.kgs.ku.edu/PRS/Seismicity/2017/KS_Seismicity_KDHE_Wichita_08_30_17_V4.pdf

¹² Kansas Geological Survey (2018). Number of Earthquakes Each Month, 2013 to Date.
Accessed from: http://www.kgs.ku.edu/PRS/Seismicity/2018/Kansas_earthquake_frequency.pdf

¹³ Frohlich, C. et al. (2016). A Historical Review of Induced Earthquakes in Texas. Seismological Research Letters, 87 (4), 1022-1038.
Accessed from: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/srl/article-abstract/87/4/1022/314110/a-historical-review-of-induced-earthquakes-in

¹⁴ Bao, X. and Eaton, D.W. (2016). Fault activation by hydraulic fracturing in western Canada. Science, 354, 1406-1409.
Accessed from: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2016/11/16/science.aag2583.full

¹⁵ Skoumal, R. et al. (2015). Earthquakes Induced by Hydraulic Fracturing in Poland Township, Ohio. Seismological Society of America Bulletin, 105(1), 189-197.
Accessed from: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/105/1/189/323441

¹⁶ Ground Water Protection Council and Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission (2015). Potential Injection-Induced Seismicity Associated with Oil and Gas Development: A Primer on Technical and Regulatory Considerations Informing Risk Management and Mitigation.
Accessed from: http://www.gwpc.org/sites/default/files/finalprimerweb.pdf

¹⁷ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Underground Injection Control National Technical Workgroup (2015). Minimizing and Managing Potential Impacts of Injection-Induced Seismicity from Class II Disposal Wells: Practical Approaches.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/induced-seismicity-201502.pdf

¹⁸ Chen, X. et al. (2017). The Pawnee earthquake as a result of the interplay among injection, faults, and foreshocks. Scientific Reports, 7, 4945.
Accessed from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-04992-z

Part 4: Water Sources for Hydraulic Fracturing

¹ U.S. Geological Survey Water Availability and Use Science Program, National Brackish Groundwater Assessment – What is Brackish?
Accessed from: https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/gwrp/brackishgw/brackish.html

² Maupin, M.A. et al. (2014). Estimated Water Use in the United States in 2010. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1405.
Accessed from: https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1405/

³ Union of Concerned Scientists (2011). Freshwater Use by U.S. Power Plants. Figure 9 used with permission.
Accessed from: http://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/legacy/assets/documents/clean_energy/ew3/ew3-freshwater-use-by-us-power-plants.pdf

⁴ U.S. Global Change Research Program (2014). U.S. National Climate Assessment: National Climate Change Impacts in the United States.
Accessed from: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/

⁵ Gallegos, T.J. et al. (2015). Hydraulic fracturing water use variability in the United States and potential environmental implications. Water Resources Research, 51(7), 5839-5845. Image obtained at https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/percentage-hydraulic-fracturing-use.
Accessed from: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2015WR017278

⁶ Veil, J. (2015). U.S. Produced Water Volumes and Management Practices in 2012.
Accessed from: http://www.veilenvironmental.com/publications/pw/prod_water_volume_2012.pdf

⁷ Energy & Environment Research Center, University of North Dakota (2016). A Review of Bakken Water Management Practices and Potential Outlook.
Accessed from: https://www.undeerc.org/Bakken/pdfs/Bakken_Water_Management_Practices_and_Potential_Outlook.pdf

⁸ Whitfield, S. (2017). Permian, Bakken Operators Face Produced Water Challenges. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
Accessed from: https://www.spe.org/en/print-article/?art=2982

⁹ Kondash, A.J. et al. (2017). Quantity of flowback and produced waters from unconventional oil and gas exploration. Science of the Total Environment, 574, 314-321.
Accessed from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971631988X

¹⁰ Vidic, R.D. and Yoxtheimer, D. (2017). Changes in the Quantity and Quality of Produced Water from Appalachian Shale Energy Development and their Implications for Water Reuse. Presentation at the Pennsylvania State University Marcellus Center for Outreach and Research.
Accessed from: http://www.shalenetwork.org/sites/default/files/Vidic_2017_ShaleNetwork.pdf

¹¹ National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine (2017). Flowback and Produced Waters: Opportunities and Challenges for Innovation: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington DC: The National Academies Press.
Accessed from: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24620/flowback-and-produced-waters-opportunities-and-challenges-for-innovation-proceedings

¹² Scanlon, B.R. et al. (2014). Will water scarcity in semiarid regions limit hydraulic fracturing of shale plays? Environmental Research Letters, 9, 124011.
Accessed from: http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/9/12/124011

¹³ FracFocus Chemical Disclosure Registry.
Accessed from: http://fracfocus.org/

¹⁴ Nicot, J-P. et al. (2011). Current and Projected Water Use in the Texas Mining and Oil and Gas Industry. Bureau of Economic Geology for the Texas Water Development Board, Contract No. 0904830939.
Accessed from: http://www.twdb.texas.gov/publications/reports/contracted_reports/doc/0904830939_MiningWaterUse.pdf

¹⁵ Texas Water Development Board – Desalination Facts.
Accessed from: http://www.twdb.texas.gov/innovativewater/desal/facts.asp

¹⁶ American Geosciences Institute (2016). Desalination as a Source of Fresh Water.
Accessed from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZHP810UEP4&list=PLTBBygdCOWWc2sddJ7N3qp2jirhP5CKyr&index=32

¹⁷ Society of Petroleum Engineers PetroWiki - Fracturing fluids and additives.
Accessed from: http://petrowiki.org/Fracturing_fluids_and_additives

Part 5: Using Produced Water

¹ U.S. Geological Survey – National Produced Waters Geochemical Database.
Accessed from: https://energy.usgs.gov/EnvironmentalAspects/EnvironmentalAspectsofEnergyProductionandUse/ProducedWaters.aspx#3822349-data

² Veil, J. (2015). U.S. Produced Water Volumes and Management Practices in 2012.
Accessed from: http://www.veilenvironmental.com/publications/pw/prod_water_volume_2012.pdf

³ Oklahoma Water Resources Board – Water for 2060 Produced Water Working Group. https://www.owrb.ok.gov/2060/pwwg.php
Accessed from:

⁴ Colorado School of Mines Advanced Water Technology Center – Produced Water Beneficial Use Case Studies.
Accessed from: http://aqwatec.mines.edu/produced_water/assessbu/case/

⁵ National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine (2017). Flowback and Produced Waters: Opportunities and Challenges for Innovation: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington DC: The National Academies Press.
Accessed from: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24620/flowback-and-produced-waters-opportunities-and-challenges-for-innovation-proceedings

⁶ Railroad Commission of Texas – Injection and Disposal Wells.
Accessed from: http://www.rrc.state.tx.us/about-us/resource-center/faqs/oil-gas-faqs/faq-injection-and-disposal-wells/

⁷ PA DEP approved 11th underground injection well for oil and gas waste. J. Hurdle, NPR StateImpact, June 5, 2017.
Accessed from: https://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/2017/06/05/pa-dep-approved-11th-underground-injection-well-for-oil-and-gas-waste/

⁸ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Protecting Underground Sources of Drinking Water from Underground Injection (UIC).
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/uic

⁹ Vidic, R.D. and Yoxtheimer, D. (2017). Changes in the Quantity and Quality of Produced Water from Appalachian Shale Energy Development and their Implications for Water Reuse. Presentation at the Pennsylvania State University Marcellus Center for Outreach and Research.
Accessed from: http://www.shalenetwork.org/sites/default/files/Vidic_2017_ShaleNetwork.pdf

¹⁰ Colorado School of Mines Advanced Water Technology Center – Produced Water Beneficial Use Case Studies.
Accessed from: http://aqwatec.mines.edu/produced_water/assessbu/case/

¹¹ National Research Council (2010). Management and Effects of Coalbed Methane Produced Water in the Western United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Accessed from: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/12915/management-and-effects-of-coalbed-methane-produced-water-in-the-western-united-states

¹² California State Water Resources Control Board (2016). Frequently Asked Questions About Recycled Oilfield Water for Crop Irrigation.
Accessed from: https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/publications_forms/publications/factsheets/docs/prod_water_for_crop_irrigation.pdf

¹³ North Dakota Department of Health – Guidelines for the Use of Oilfield Salt Brines for Dust and Ice Control.
Accessed from: https://deq.nd.gov/Publications/WQ/IceDustControlUsingOilfieldBrine_20130321.pdf

¹⁴ 1509.226: Surface applications of brine by local governments. Ohio Revised Code, Title XV: Conservation of Natural Resources, Chapter 1509: Division of Oil and Gas Resources Management – Oil and Gas.
Accessed from: http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/1509.226

¹⁵ Poole, H. (2013). State Policies on Use of Hydraulic Fracturing Waste as a Road Deicer. Connecticut Office of Legislative Research.
Accessed from: https://www.cga.ct.gov/2013/rpt/2013-R-0469.htm

¹⁶ Schnebele, E. (2016). Iodine. 2015 Minerals Yearbook, U.S. Geological Survey.
Accessed from: https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iodine/myb1-2015-iodin.pdf

Part 6: Groundwater Protection in Oil and Gas Production

¹ Maupin, M.A. et al. (2014). Estimated Water Use in the United States in 2010 , U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1405.
Accessed from: https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1405/

² U.S. Geological Survey – The USGS Water Science School: Aquifers and Groundwater.
Accessed from: https://water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwaquifer.html

³ Alley, W.M. et al. (1999). Sustainability of Ground-Water Resources. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1186.
Accessed from: https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1186/

⁴ Ressetar, R. (2012). Energy News: Hydraulic Fracturing and Shale Gas. Utah Geological Survey, Survey Notes, 44(2), May 2012.
Accessed from: https://geology.utah.gov/map-pub/survey-notes/energy-news/energy-news-hydraulic-fracturing-and-shale-gas/

⁵ FracFocus Chemical Disclosure Registry – Chemical Use in Hydraulic Fracturing.
Accessed from: http://fracfocus.org/water-protection/drilling-usage

⁶ FracFocus Chemical Disclosure Registry.
Accessed from: http://fracfocus.org/

⁷ DEP: Unauthorized drilling fluid contaminated Potter County Aquifer. S. Phillips, NPR StateImpact Pennsylvania, October 1, 2015.
Accessed from: https://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/2015/10/01/dep-unauthorized-drilling-fluid-contaminated-potter-county-aquifer/

⁸ National Ground Water Association (2013). Water Wells in Proximity to Natural Gas or Oil Development. NGWA Information Brief, updated September 2017.
Accessed from: http://www.ngwa.org/Media-Center/briefs/Documents/Info-Brief-Hydraulic-Fracturing.pdf

⁹ Kell, S. (2011). State Oil and Gas Agency Groundwater Investigations and Their Role in Advancing Regulatory Reforms, A Two State Review: Ohio and Texas. Ground Water Protection Council, August 2011.
Accessed from: http://www.gwpc.org/sites/default/files/State%20Oil%20%26%20Gas%20Agency%20Groundwater%20Investigations.pdf

¹⁰ U.S. Geological Survey – U.S. Geological Survey Identifies Crude-Oil Metabolites in Subsurface Plumes.
Accessed from: https://toxics.usgs.gov/highlights/2016-03-31-crude_oil_metabolites.html

¹¹ FracFocus Chemical Disclosure Registry – Hydraulic Fracturing: The Process.
Accessed from: https://fracfocus.org/hydraulic-fracturing-how-it-works/hydraulic-fracturing-process

¹² U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2016). Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas: Impacts from the Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle on Drinking Water Resources in the United States (Final Report). EPA/600/R-16/236F.
Accessed from: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/hfstudy/recordisplay.cfm?deid=332990

¹³ Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality – Pavillion Investigation.
Accessed from: http://deq.wyoming.gov/wqd/pavillion-investigation/

¹⁴ Last two Dimock families settle lawsuit with Cabot over water. J. Hurdle, NPR StateImpact Pennsylvania, September 26, 2017.
Accessed from: https://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/2017/09/26/last-two-dimock-families-settle-lawsuit-with-cabot-over-water/

¹⁵ Railroad Commission of Texas (2014). Water Well Complaint Investigation Report, Silverado on the Brazos Neighborhood, Parker County, Texas, May 23, 2014.
Accessed from: https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/1175488/water-well-complaint-investigation-report-5-23.pdf

¹⁶ Patterson, L.A. et al. (2017). Unconventional Oil and Gas Spills: Risks, Mitigation Priorities, and State Reporting Requirements. Environ. Sci. Technol., 51(5), 2563-2573.
Accessed from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b05749

¹⁷ Commonwealth of Pennsylvania – The Pennsylvania Code: § 78.84. Casing standards; and §78.85. Cement standards. In: Chapter 78, Subchapter D: Well Drilling, Operation, and Plugging.
Accessed from: https://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter78/subchapDtoc.html

¹⁸ Sherwood, O.A. et al. (2016). Groundwater methane in relation to oil and gas development and shallow coal seams in the Denver-Julesburg Basin of Colorado. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 113(30), 8391-8396.
Accessed from: http://www.pnas.org/content/113/30/8391

¹⁹ Darrah, T.H. et al. (2014). Noble gases identify the mechanisms of fugitive gas contamination in drinking-water wells overlying the Marcellus and Barnett Shales. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 111(39), 14076-14081.
Accessed from: http://www.pnas.org/content/111/39/14076

²⁰ Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Mineral Resources Management (2008). Report on the Investigation of the Natural Gas Invasion of Aquifers in Bainbridge Township of Geauga County, Ohio.
Accessed from: http://oilandgas.ohiodnr.gov/portals/oilgas/pdf/bainbridge/report.pdf

²¹ Boyer, E.W. et al. (2012). The Impact of Marcellus Gas Drilling on Rural Drinking Water Supplies, Final report to the Center for Rural Pennsylvania, March 2012.
Accessed from: http://www.rural.palegislature.us/documents/reports/Marcellus_and_drinking_water_2012.pdf

²² Baldassare, F. et al. (2014). A geochemical context for stray gas investigations in the northern Appalachian Basin: Implications of analyses of natural gases from Neogene-through Devonian-age strata. AAPG Bull., 98(2), 341-372.
Accessed from: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/aapgbull/article-abstract/98/2/341/133388/a-geochemical-context-for-stray-gas-investigations

²³ McMahon, P.B. et al. (2017). Methane and Benzene in Drinking-Water Wells Overlying the Eagle Ford, Fayetteville, and Haynesville Shale Hydrocarbon Producing Areas. Environ. Sci. Technol., 51(12), 6727-6734.
Accessed from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.7b00746

Part 7: Abandoned Wells

¹ U.S. Energy Information Administration – U.S. Oil and Natural Gas Wells by Production Rate.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/petroleum/wells/

² National Petroleum Council (2011). Plugging and Abandonment of Oil and Gas Wells. In: Prudent Development: Realizing the Potential of North America’s Abundant Natural Gas and Oil Resources , Topic Paper #2-25.
Accessed from: https://www.npc.org/Prudent_Development-Topic_Papers/2-25_Well_Plugging_and_Abandonment_Paper.pdf

³ Orphan Well Association – Frequently Asked Questions.
Accessed from: http://www.orphanwell.ca/faq/

⁴ U.S. General Accounting Office (1989). Drinking Water: Safeguards Are Not Preventing Contamination from Injected Oil and Gas Wastes. GAO/RCED-89-97.
Accessed from: https://www.gao.gov/assets/150/147952.pdf

⁵ Image source: https://pixnio.com/miscellaneous/abandoned-gas-well-pump
Accessed from:

⁶ Brandt, A.R. et al. (2014). Methane Leaks from North American Natural Gas Systems. Science, 343, 733-735.
Accessed from: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/343/6172/733.full

⁷ Ground Water Protection Council (2011). State Oil and Gas Agency Groundwater Investigations and Their Role in Advancing Regulatory Reforms – A Two-State Review: Ohio and Texas.
Accessed from: http://www.gwpc.org/sites/default/files/State%20Oil%20%26%20Gas%20Agency%20Groundwater%20Investigations.pdf

⁸ Townsend-Small, A. et al. (2016). Emissions of coalbed and natural gas methane from abandoned oil and gas wells in the United States. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 2283-2290.
Accessed from: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2015GL067623

⁹ Well near Berthoud starts spilling drilling mud 33 years after it was capped. P. Johnson, Denver Post, October 31, 2017.
Accessed from: https://www.denverpost.com/2017/10/31/well-near-berthoud-starts-spilling-drilling-mud-33-years-after-capped/

¹⁰ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2016). Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas: Impacts from the Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle on Drinking Water Resources in the United States.
Accessed from: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/hfstudy/recordisplay.cfm?deid=332990

¹¹ Interstate Oil & Gas Compact Commission (2016). State Financial Assurance Requirements.
Accessed from: http://iogcc.ok.gov/Websites/iogcc/images/Financial_Assurances_FINAL_web.pdf

¹² Interstate Oil & Gas Compact Commission – State orphaned and abandoned well programs.
Accessed from: http://groundwork.iogcc.ok.gov/node/428

¹³ Oklahoma Energy Resources Board – Well Site Clean Up.
Accessed from: https://www.oerb.com/well-site-clean-up

¹⁴ Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (2017). Abandoned and Orphan Oil and Gas Wells and the Well Plugging Program. Fact Sheet 8000-FS-DEP1670.
Accessed from: http://www.depgreenport.state.pa.us/elibrary/GetDocument?docId=3823&DocName=8000-FS-DEP1670.pdf

¹⁵ Texas Comptroller – Crude Oil Production Tax.
Accessed from: https://comptroller.texas.gov/taxes/crude-oil/

¹⁶ Oklahoma Energy Resources Board – Funding.
Accessed from: https://oerb.com/about/funding

¹⁷ Interstate Oil & Gas Compact Commission (2009).Orphaned and Abandoned Wells: Innovative Solutions. Groundwork, October 2009.
Accessed from: http://groundwork.iogcc.ok.gov/sites/default/files/Orphaned%20Wells%20Case%20Study_0.pdf

¹⁸ Texas Railroad Commission (2017). Monthly Report of State-funded Well Plugging Activities, August 2017, FY 2017.
Accessed from: http://www.rrc.state.tx.us/media/41910/aug17-sfp-report.pdf

¹⁹ Texas Railroad Commission (2017). Monthly Report of State-funded Well Plugging Activities, December 2017, FY 2018.
Accessed from: http://www.rrc.state.tx.us/media/43398/dec-17-sfp-report.pdf

²⁰ Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection – 2016 Oil and Gas Annual Report.
Accessed from: http://www.depgis.state.pa.us/oilgasannualreport/index.html#legacy

²¹ Oklahoma Energy Resources Board – Restoring Oklahoma’s Land.
Accessed from: https://oerb.com/uploads/17oer10848-es-fact-sheet-land-restoring-ok-land.pdf

²² Orphan Oil Wells in L.A. Neighborhood to be Permanently Sealed. California Department of Conservation press release, June 8, 2016.
Accessed from: http://www.conservation.ca.gov/index/news/Documents/2016-13%20Los%20Angeles%20orphan%20well%20plugging.pdf

²³ U.S. Government Accountability Office (2011). Oil and Gas Bonds: BLM Needs a Comprehensive Strategy to Better Manage Potential Oil and Gas Well Liability. GAO-11-292.
Accessed from: https://www.gao.gov/new.items/d11292.pdf

Part 8: What Determines the Location of a Well?

¹ Biewick, L.R.H. (2008). Areas of Historical Oil and Gas Exploration and Production in the United States. U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-69-Q.
Accessed from: https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-q/text/pdfmaps.htm

² U.S. Energy Information Administration – Lower 48 states shale plays, June 2016.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/maps/images/shale_gas_lower48.jpg

³ U.S. Energy Information Administration (2017). Marcellus Shale Play: Geology Review.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/maps/pdf/MarcellusPlayUpdate_Jan2017.pdf

⁴ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Marcellus and Utica/Point Pleasant wells through April 2017.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/maps/images/Marcellus_UticaPointPleasant_Wells_April2017.jpg

⁵ U.S. Bureau of Land Management – Oil and Gas: Leasing.
Accessed from: https://www.blm.gov/programs/energy-and-minerals/oil-and-gas/leasing

⁶ Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (2017). Natural Gas Development and State Forests: Shale Gas Leasing Statistical Summary , May 2017.
Accessed from: http://www.docs.dcnr.pa.gov/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_20029363.pdf

⁷ U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs – Working on Indian Lands.
Accessed from: https://www.bia.gov/as-ia/ieed/division-energy-and-mineral-development/working-indian-lands

⁸ Joy, M.P. and Dimitroff, S.D. (2016). Oil and gas regulation in the United States: overview. Westlaw, June 1, 2016.
Accessed from: https://content.next.westlaw.com/Document/I466099551c9011e38578f7ccc38dcbee/View/FullText.html

⁹ Bosquez IV, T. et al. (2015). Fracking Debate: The Importance of Pre-Drill Water-Quality Testing. American Bar Association, Section of Litigation: Environmental Litigation.
Accessed from: http://apps.americanbar.org/litigation/committees/environmental/articles/winter2015-0215-fracking-debate-importance-pre-drill-water-quality-testing.html

¹⁰ New York Department of Environmental Conservation – High-Volume Hydraulic Fracturing in New York State.
Accessed from: https://www.dec.ny.gov/energy/75370.html

¹¹ General Assembly of Maryland – HB1325 (CH0013): Oil and Natural Gas – Hydraulic Fracturing – Prohibition. Approved by the Governor, April 4, 2017.
Accessed from: http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/webmga/frmMain.aspx?pid=billpage&stab=01&id=hb1325&tab=subject3&ys=2017RS

¹² Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation (2015). A Report on the Regulation and Safety of Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil or Natural Gas Recovery.
Accessed from: https://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Legislative-Reports/ANR-REPORT-REGULATION-OF-HF-FOR-OIL-OR-NATURAL-GAS-RECOVERY-2015.02.12.FINAL.pdf

¹³ BLM Lands Leasing. Statement of Neil Kornze, Director, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Department of the Interior, before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, March 23, 2016.
Accessed from: https://www.doi.gov/ocl/blm-lands-leasing

¹⁴ U.S. Bureau of Land Management – Oil and Gas Statistics: Table 8 – Wells Spud.
Accessed from: https://www.blm.gov/programs/energy-and-minerals/oil-and-gas/oil-and-gas-statistics

¹⁵ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (2017). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Regulatory Role in Activities Associated with Oil and Natural Gas Production and Distribution , June 2017.
Accessed from: http://www.lrb.usace.army.mil/Portals/45/docs/regulatory/DistrictInfo/NY_Oil_and_Gas_FactSheet_06-2017.pdf?ver=2017-07-24-104055-073

¹⁶ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – What is the National Environmental Policy Act?
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/nepa/what-national-environmental-policy-act

¹⁷ U.S. Bureau of Land Management – How We Manage.
Accessed from: https://www.blm.gov/about/how-we-manage

¹⁸ The Nature Conservancy – LEEP: The Nature Conservancy’s Appalachian Shale Siting Tool.
Accessed from: https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/areas/centralappalachians/leep-summary.pdf

¹⁹ The Nature Conservancy and Carnegie Mellon University (2016). Advancing the Next Generation of Environmental Practices for Shale Development: Workshop Deliberations and Recommendations. May 27-29, 2015. Pittsburgh, PA.
Accessed from: https://www.cmu.edu/energy/documents/Shale_Workshop_Deliberations_and_Recommendations_Final.pdf

²⁰ Halliburton, Eclipse Resources complete longest lateral well in U.S. World Oil Magazine, May 31, 2016.
Accessed from: http://www.worldoil.com/news/2016/5/31/halliburton-eclipse-resources-complete-longest-lateral-well-in-us

²¹ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Crude Oil and Natural Gas Drilling Activity.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_enr_drill_s1_m.htm

²² U.S. Department of Energy – Enhanced Oil Recovery.
Accessed from: https://www.energy.gov/fe/science-innovation/oil-gas-research/enhanced-oil-recovery

²³ What is “Forced” Pooling and Why is it Important? J. Luellen, Husch Blackwell Emerging Energy Insights, April 25, 2017.
Accessed from: https://www.emergingenergyinsights.com/2017/04/forced-pooling-important/

²⁴ U.S. Energy Information Administration (2016). EIA report shows decline in cost of U.S. oil and gas wells since 2012. Today in Energy, March 30, 2016.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=25592

²⁵ Railroad Commission of Texas (2017). Summary of Drilling, Completion and Plugging Reports Processed for 2016.
Accessed from: http://www.rrc.state.tx.us/media/37649/annual2016.pdf

Part 9: Land Use in the Oil and Gas Industry

¹ State of California – § 1776. Well Site and Lease Restoration , California Statutes and Regulations for the Division of Oil, Gas, & Geothermal Resources, January 2018.
Accessed from: ftp://ftp.consrv.ca.gov/pub/oil/laws/PRC10.pdf

² Kansas Office of Revisor of Statutes – Kansas Statutes Chapter 55: Oil and Gas, Article 1: Oil and Gas Wells; Regulatory Provisions, 55-177: Removal of structures and abutments from lands after abandoning wells; exception.
Accessed from: https://www.ksrevisor.org/statutes/ksa_ch55.html

³ Commonwealth of Pennsylvania – The Pennsylvania Code: § 78.a.65. Site restoration.
Accessed from: https://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter78a/s78a.65.html

⁴ Bureau of Land Management (2007). Chapter 6 – Reclamation and Abandonment. In: Surface Operating Standards and Guidelines for Oil and Gas, Fourth Edition – Revised 2007.
Accessed from: https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/Chapter%206%20-%20Reclamation%20and%20Abandonment.pdf

⁵ Penn State Public Broadcasting – Explore Shale: How much land in Pennsylvania has been affected by Marcellus Shale drilling? Based on data from FracTracker Alliance and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection.
Accessed from: http://exploreshale.org/

⁶ U.S. Government Accountability Office (2014). Updated Guidance, Increased Coordination, and Comprehensive Data Could Improve BLM’s Management and Oversight.
Accessed from: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-14-238

⁷ Halliburton, Eclipse Resources complete longest lateral well in U.S. World Oil Magazine, May 31, 2016.
Accessed from: http://www.worldoil.com/news/2016/5/31/halliburton-eclipse-resources-complete-longest-lateral-well-in-us

⁸ Cochener, J. (2010). Quantifying Drilling Efficiency. Working Paper, U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/workingpapers/pdf/drilling_efficiency.pdf

⁹ Railroad Commission of Texas – Oil and Gas Well Records.
Accessed from: http://www.rrc.state.tx.us/oil-gas/research-and-statistics/obtaining-commission-records/oil-and-gas-well-records/

¹⁰ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Natural Gas Annual Respondent Query System (EIA-757 Data through 2014): 757 Processing Capacity.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ngqs/ngqs.cfm?f_report=RP9&f_sortby=&f_items=&f_year_start=&f_year_end=&f_show_compid=&f_fullscreen

¹¹ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pnp_cap1_a_(na)_8O0_Count_a.htm

¹² McDonald, R.I. et al. (2009). Energy Sprawl or Energy Efficiency: Climate Policy Impacts on Natural Habitat for the United States of America. PLoS ONE 4(8): e6802.
Accessed from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0006802

Part 10: The Pinedale Gas Field, Wyoming

¹ Wyoming State Geological Survey – Cultural Geology Guide: Pinedale Anticline.
Accessed from: http://www.wsgs.wyo.gov/public-info/guide-pinedale

² U.S. Bureau of Land Management (2008). Record of Decision for the Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the Pinedale Anticline Oil and Gas Exploration and Development Project, Sublette County, Wyoming.
Accessed from: https://eplanning.blm.gov/epl-front-office/eplanning/planAndProjectSite.do?methodName=dispatchToPatternPage¤tPageId=88620

³ Wyoming natural gas production falls for sixth consecutive year; U.S. production rises. B. Storrow, Casper Star Tribune, January 5, 2016.
Accessed from: http://trib.com/business/energy/wyoming-natural-gas-production-falls-for-sixth-consecutive-year-u/article_d715399e-09ca-52a0-8db9-594171d3edd1.html

⁴ U.S. Energy Information Administration (2017). Marcellus Region: Drilling Productivity Report, July 2017.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/petroleum/drilling/pdf/marcellus.pdf

⁵ AAPG Wiki – Pinedale field.
Accessed from: http://wiki.aapg.org/Pinedale_field

⁶ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service – Greater Sage-Grouse.
Accessed from: https://www.fws.gov/greatersagegrouse/

⁷ Hayden-Wing Associates, LLC (2016). Pygmy Rabbit Monitoring in the Pinedale Anticline Project Area, Sublette County, Wyoming, 2016. Report prepared for Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Pinedale Anticline Project Office, and Bureau of Land Management, Pinedale, Wyoming.
Accessed from: https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/documents/files/PAPA_PygmyRabbit_Report_2016_WordDocument01122017_0.pdf

⁸ Sawyer, H. et al. (2017). Mule deer and energy development – Long-term trends of habituation and abundance. Glob. Chang. Biol., 23, 4521-4529.
Accessed from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.13711

⁹ U.S. Bureau of Land Management (1987). Pinedale Resource Area: proposed resource management plan / environmental impact statement: final.
Accessed from: https://archive.org/details/pinedaleresourceunit

¹⁰ U.S. Bureau of Land Management (1989). Record of decision and resource management plan for the Pinedale Resource Area.
Accessed from: https://archive.org/details/recordofdecision27unit

¹¹ U.S. Bureau of Land Management (2008). Pinedale Resource Management Plan.
Accessed from: https://eplanning.blm.gov/epl-front-office/eplanning/planAndProjectSite.do?methodName=dispatchToPatternPage¤tPageId=88620

¹² Except where otherwise referenced, information in this section comes from communications with BLM Pinedale Anticline Project Office staff, June 30, 2017.
Accessed from:

¹³ Boschee, P. (2012). Handling Produced Water from Hydraulic Fracturing. Oil and Gas Facilities Magazine, 1 (1).
Accessed from: https://www.spe.org/en/ogf/ogf-article-detail/?art=364

¹⁴ Shafer, L. (2011). Water Recycling and Purification in the Pinedale Anticline Field: Results from the Anticline Disposal Project. SPE Americas E&P Health, Safety, Security, and Environmental Conference, 21-13 March, Houston, Texas, USA.
Accessed from: https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/SPE-141448-MS

¹⁵ Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality (2015). Proposed Revisions to the Chapter 6, Section 2 Oil and Gas Production Facilities Permitting Guidance. Technical Support Document.
Accessed from: http://deq.wyoming.gov/media/attachments/Air%20Quality/Rule%20Development/Proposed%20Rules%20and%20Regulations/Oil-and-Gas-Guidance-Revision_Technical-Support-Document_Draft-9-24-2015.pdf

¹⁶ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2016). Determinations of Attainment by the Attainment Date, Extensions of the Attainment Date, and Reclassification of Several Areas for the 2008 Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Federal Register, 81 (86), p. 26697-26722, May 4, 2016.
Accessed from: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-05-04/pdf/2016-09729.pdf

Part 11: Heavy Oil

¹ U.S. Geological Survey (2003). Heavy Oil and Natural Bitumen: Strategic Petroleum Resources.
Accessed from: https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs070-03/fs070-03.pdf

² Natural Resources Canada – Environmental Challenges.
Accessed from: https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/oil-sands/5855

³ File:Aurora – tar sands.png. Wikimedia Commons user Int23.. Reproduced according to a CC BY-SA 4.0 license. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en)
Accessed from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aurora_-_tar_sands.png

⁴ Natural Resources Canada – Oil Sands Extraction and Processing.
Accessed from: http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/oil-sands/18094

⁵ American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Energy Minerals Division (2015). Unconventional Energy Resources: 2015 Review. Natural Resources Research, 24, 443-508.
Accessed from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11053-015-9288-6

⁶ Koottungal, L. (2014). 2014 worldwide EOR survey. Oil & Gas Journal, 112(4), 78-91.
Accessed from: https://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-112/issue-4/special-report-eor-heavy-oil-survey/2014-worldwide-eor-survey.html

⁷ Society of Petroleum Engineers PetroWiki – Cold heavy oil production with sand.
Accessed from: http://petrowiki.org/Cold_heavy_oil_production_with_sand

⁸ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace – Oil-Climate Index: Profiling Emissions in the Supply Chain.
Accessed from: http://oci.carnegieendowment.org/#supply-chain

⁹ Gosselin, P. et al. (2010). Environmental and Health Impacts of Canada’s Oil Sands Industry. The Royal Society of Canada Expert Health Panel, December 2010.
Accessed from: https://rsc-src.ca/en/expert-panels/rsc-reports/environmental-and-health-impacts-canadas-oil-sands-industry

¹⁰ Frank, R.A. et al. (2014). Profiling Oil Sands Mixtures from Industrial Developments and Natural Groundwaters for Source Identification. Env. Sci. Technol., 48(%), 2660-2670.
Accessed from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es500131k

¹¹ Roy, J.W. et al. (2016). Assessing Risks of Shallow Riparian Groundwater Quality Near an Oil Sands Tailings Pond. Groundwater, 54(4), 545-558.
Accessed from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gwat.12392

¹² Government of Canada – Monitoring air quality in Alberta oil sands.
Accessed from: https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/oil-sands-monitoring/monitoring-air-quality-alberta-oil-sands.html

¹³ Government of Canada (2015). Oil Sands: Land Use and Reclamation. Factsheet, May 2015.
Accessed from: http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/pdf/eneene/pubpub/pdf/os2015/14-0702-Oil-Sands-Land-Use-and-Reclamation_access_eng.pdf

¹⁴ Tar Sands, Alberta. Howl Arts Collective, Flickr. Reproduced according to a CC BY 2.0 license. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
Accessed from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/67952496@N05/6544064931

¹⁵ Canada National Energy Board – Commodity Statistics, Summary Crude Oil Export by Type.
Accessed from: https://apps.neb-one.gc.ca/CommodityStatistics/Statistics.aspx?language=english

¹⁶ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Petroleum & Other Liquids: U.S. Imports by Country of Origin.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_a2_nus_epc0_im0_mbblpd_a.htm

Part 12: Oil and Gas in the U.S. Arctic

¹ U.S. Geological Survey (2008). Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: Estimated of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of the Arctic Circle. Fact Sheet 2008-3049.
Accessed from: https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3049/fs2008-3049.pdf

² Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities – Arctic Port Study.
Accessed from: http://dot.alaska.gov/stwdmno/ports/arctic.shtml

³ Comay, L.B. et al. (2018). Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR): An Overview. Congressional Research Service, 7-5700, January 9, 2018.
Accessed from:

⁴ U.S. Bureau of Land Management – National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska.
Accessed from: https://www.blm.gov/programs/energy-and-minerals/oil-and-gas/about/alaska/NPR-A

⁵ Attanasi, E.D. (2003). Economics of Undiscovered Oil in the Federal Lands of the National Petroleum Reserve, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-044.
Accessed from: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-044/

⁶ U.S. Geological Survey (2017). Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources in the Cretaceous Nanushuk and Torok Formations, Alaska North Slope, and Summary of Resource Potential of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, 2017. Fact Sheet 2017-3088.
Accessed from: https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2017/3088/fs20173088.pdf

⁷ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service – Arctic: National Wildlife Refuge-Alaska.
Accessed from: https://www.fws.gov/refuge/arctic/facts_and_features.html

⁸ U.S. Geological Survey – Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 1002 Area, Petroleum Assessment, 1998 (revised), Including Economic Analysis. Fact Sheet 0028-01: Online Report.
Accessed from: https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0028-01/fs-0028-01.htm

⁹ H.R. 1 – An Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018. 115th Congress (2017-2018).
Accessed from: https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/1

¹⁰ U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management – Outer Continental Shelf.
Accessed from: https://www.boem.gov/Outer-Continental-Shelf/

¹¹ Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission – Northstar Oil Pool Statistics.
Accessed from: http://doa.alaska.gov/ogc/poolstatistics/annual/current/OIL/Northstar,Northstar_Oil/pool.html

¹² Bureau of Ocean Energy Management – 2019-2024 National Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Leasing Program.
Accessed from: https://www.boem.gov/National-Program/

¹³ Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission.
Accessed from: http://doa.alaska.gov/ogc/

¹⁴ U.S. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement – Fact Sheet: Arctic Drilling Rule.
Accessed from: https://www.bsee.gov/guidance-and-regulations/regulations/arctic-rule

¹⁵ The Pew Charitable Trusts (2013). Arctic Standards: Recommendations on Oil Spill Prevention, Response, and Safety in the U.S. Arctic Ocean.
Accessed from: http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/assets/2013/09/23/arcticstandardsfinal.pdf

¹⁶ The Only Safe Arctic Drilling is No Arctic Drilling. Natural Resources Defense Council Press Release, July 7, 2016.
Accessed from: https://www.nrdc.org/media/2016/160707

¹⁷ National Research Council (2003). Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska’s North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Accessed from: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10639/cumulative-environmental-effects-of-oil-and-gas-activities-on-alaskas-north-slope

¹⁸ Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission – Colville River Unit, Alpine Oil Pool.
Accessed from: http://doa.alaska.gov/ogc/poolstatistics/annual/current/OIL/Colville_River,Alpine_Oil/pool.html

¹⁹ Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission – Production.
Accessed from: http://aogweb.state.ak.us/DataMiner3/Forms/Production.aspx

²⁰ U.S. Bureau of Land Management (2015). Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the Alpine Satellite Development Plan for the Proposed Greater Mooses Tooth One Development Project: Record of Decision, February 2015.
Accessed from: https://eplanning.blm.gov/epl-front-office/projects/nepa/37035/54639/59351/MASTER_GMT1ROD.Ver17_signed__2.13.15.pdf

²¹ Alyeska Pipeline Service Company – Safety & Environment: Permafrost.
Accessed from: http://www.alyeska-pipe.com/SafetyEnvironment/EnvironmentalProtection/Permafrost

²² Alyeska Pipeline Service Company – Trans Alaska Pipeline System Facts.
Accessed from: http://www.alyeska-pipe.com/assets/uploads/pagestructure/NewsCenter_MediaResources_FactSheets_Entries/635078372894251917_2013AlyeskaTAPSFactBook.pdf

²³ Alyeska Pipeline Service Company – Earthquake Protection.
Accessed from: http://www.alyeska-pipe.com/TAPS/HistoryDesignConstruction/EarthquakeProtection

²⁴ U.S. Geological Survey – Denali Fault: Alaska Pipeline.
Accessed from: https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/denali-fault-alaska-pipeline

²⁵ Nuka Research and Planning Group (2013). Oil Spill Occurrence Rates for Alaska North Slope Crude & Refined Oil Spills. Report to the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, October 2013. OCS Study BOEM 2013-205.
Accessed from: https://www.boem.gov/uploadedFiles/BOEM/BOEM_Newsroom/Library/Publications/131104_BOEMOilSpillOccurrenceFinalReport.pdf

²⁶ Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation – PRP Spills Database Search.
Accessed from: https://dec.alaska.gov/Applications/SPAR/PublicMVC/PERP/SpillSearch

²⁷ BP Exploration Alaska to Pay $25 Million Penalty for Alaskan North Slope Oil Spill. U.S. Department of Justice, May 3, 2011.
Accessed from: https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/bp-exploration-alaska-pay-25-million-penalty-alaskan-north-slope-oil-spill

²⁸ Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation – GC-2 Transit Line Spill: Tundra Treatment Plan Rev.1, March 18, 2006.
Accessed from: http://dec.alaska.gov/spar/ppr/response/sum_fy06/060302301/plans/060302301_plan_tundratreat0318.pdf

²⁹ U.S. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement – Arctic Oil Spill Response Research.
Accessed from: https://www.bsee.gov/site-page/arctic-oil-spill-response-research

³⁰ Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation – 30 Years after the Exxon Valdez.
Accessed from: https://dec.alaska.gov/spar/ppr/response-resources/publications-conferences/exxon-valdez

³¹ U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – 25 Years Later: Timeline of Recovery from Exxon Valdez Oil Spill.
Accessed from: https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/oil-and-chemical-spills/significant-incidents/exxon-valdez-oil-spill/timeline-ecological-recovery-infographic.html

³² U.S. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement – International Forums: The Arctic Offshore Regulators Forum (AORF).
Accessed from: https://www.bsee.gov/what-we-do/international-engagement/forums

³³ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Alaska North Slope Crude Oil Production.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=pet&s=manfpak2&f=a

Part 13: Offshore Oil and Gas

¹ U.S. Energy Information Administration (2016). Trends in U.S. Oil and Natural Gas Upstream Costs, March 2016.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/drilling/pdf/upstream.pdf

² U.S. Energy Information Administration – Crude Oil Production.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_crd_crpdn_adc_mbbl_m.htm

³ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_prod_sum_a_EPG0_FGW_mmcf_a.htm

⁴ U.S. Department of the Interior – Natural Resources Revenue Data.
Accessed from: https://revenuedata.doi.gov/

⁵ U.S. Energy Information Administration (2016). Offshore production nearly 30% of global crude oil output in 2015. Today in Energy, October 25, 2016.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=28492

⁶ U.S. Energy Information Administration (2016). Offshore oil production in deepwater and ultra-deepwater is increasing. Today in Energy, October 28, 2016.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=28552

⁷ Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution – Oil in the Ocean: FAQs.
Accessed from: http://www.whoi.edu/oil/deepwater-horizon/faqs

⁸ U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (formerly Minerals Management Service) (2000). Deepwater Development: A Reference Document for the Deepwater Environmental Assessment, Gulf of Mexico OCS (1998 through 2007). MMS 2000-015.
Accessed from: https://www.boem.gov/BOEM-Newsroom/Library/Publications/2000/2000-015.aspx

⁹ U.S. Energy Information Administration (2016). Crude oil prices started 2015 relatively low, ended the year lower. Today in Energy, January 6, 2016.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=24432

¹⁰ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Monthly Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production, Crude Oil, Federal Offshore Gulf of Mexico.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/petroleum/production/

¹¹ Department of Energy to Invest $30 Million to Boost Unconventional Oil and Natural Gas Recovery. U.S. Department of Energy, January 3, 2018.
Accessed from: https://www.energy.gov/articles/department-energy-invest-30-million-boost-unconventional-oil-and-natural-gas-recovery

¹² DeepStar Program – About Us.
Accessed from: https://deepstaraglobaloffshoreresearc.godaddysites.com/deepstar-program

¹³ American Geosciences Institute (2016). Offshore Energy.
Accessed from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWmpZgrEJc4&list=PLTBBygdCOWWcwrzPEqksnW5VpAEOhqJwc&index=5

¹⁴ Seismic, Supercomputing Power Leads BP to More GoM Resources. V. Addison, Exploration and Production Magazine, April 28, 2017.
Accessed from: https://www.epmag.com/seismic-supercomputing-power-leads-bp-more-gom-resources-1548411

¹⁵ Dusseault, M.B. et al. (2004). Drilling Through Salt: Constitutive Behavior and Drilling Strategies. 6th North American Rock Mechanics Symposium, 5-9 June, Houston, Texas.
Accessed from: https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/ARMA-04-608

¹⁶ Shadravan, A. and Amani, M. (2012). HPHT 101: What Every Engineer or Geoscientist Should Know about High Pressure High Temperature Wells. SPE Kuwait International Petroelum Conference and Exhibition, 10-12 December, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
Accessed from: https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/SPE-163376-MS

¹⁷ Drilling advances: Between a rock and a hot place. J. Redden, World Oil, vol. 237, no. 11, November 2016.
Accessed from: http://www.worldoil.com/magazine/2016/november-2016/columns/drilling-advances

¹⁸ Pai, S. (2016). Managing Risks around Rigs Using Autonomous Marine Vehicles. SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition, 26-28 January, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
Accessed from: https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/SPE-178244-MS

¹⁹ U.S. Global Change Research Program – 2014 National Climate Assessment: Changes in Hurricanes.
Accessed from: https://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/our-changing-climate/changes-hurricanes

²⁰ Transocean’s Development Driller II. U.S. Coast Guard photo by Petty Officer 3rd Classy Barry Bena. Accessed via Wikimedia Commons.
Accessed from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Development-driller-2.jpg

²¹ Clarke, K.C. and Hemphill, J.J. (2002). The Santa Barbara Oil Spill: A Retrospective. Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers, 64, 157-162.
Accessed from: http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~kclarke/Papers/SBOilSpill1969.pdf

²² U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Response and Restoration – It Took More Than the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill to Pass the Historic Oil Pollution Act of 1990.
Accessed from: http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/oil-and-chemical-spills/significant-incidents/exxon-valdez-oil-spill/it-took-more-exxon-valdez-oil-s

²³ National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council (2012). Macondo Well Deepwater Horizon Blowout: Lessons for Improving Offshore Drilling Safety. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Accessed from: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13273/macondo-well-deepwater-horizon-blowout-lessons-for-improving-offshore-drilling

²⁴ U.S. Department of the Interior – Responsibilities Guide (BOEM & BSEE).
Accessed from: https://www.boem.gov/A-to-Z-Guide-BOEM-BSEE-Functions/

²⁵ U.S. and Five Gulf States Reach Historic Settlement with BP to Resolve Civil Lawsuit Over Deepwater Horizon Spill. U.S. Department of Justice, October 5, 2015.
Accessed from: https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/us-and-five-gulf-states-reach-historic-settlement-bp-resolve-civil-lawsuit-over-deepwater

²⁶ U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management – BOEM Gulf of Mexico OCS Region Blocks and Active Leases by Planning Area, February 1, 2018.
Accessed from: https://www.boem.gov/Gulf-of-Mexico-Region-Lease-Map/

²⁷ U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – Deepwater Horizon oil spill settlements: Where the money went.
Accessed from: http://www.noaa.gov/explainers/deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-settlements-where-money-went

²⁸ Gulf of Mexico Research Institute: Investigating the effect of oil spills on the environment and public health.
Accessed from: http://gulfresearchinitiative.org/

²⁹ BSEE Responds to Oil Release in the Gulf of Mexico. U.S. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, October 13, 2017.
Accessed from: https://www.bsee.gov/newsroom/latest-news/statements-and-releases/press-releases/bsee-responds-to-oil-release-in-the-gulf

³⁰ UPDATE 2: Coast Guard, federal agencies responding to offshore oil spill. U.S. Coast Guard, October 19, 2017.
Accessed from: https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDHSCG/bulletins/1beacc5

³¹ U.S. Coast Guard (2015). Taylor Energy Oil Discharge at MC-20A Well Site and Ongoing Response Efforts. Incident Archive – Taylor Energy (Mississippi Canyon) Oil Spill – U.S. Coast Guard Fact Sheet, May 13, 2015.
Accessed from: https://www.bsee.gov/newsroom/library/incident-archive/taylor-energy-mississippi-canyon/fact-sheet

³² U.S. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (2016). Oil and Gas and Sulfur Operations in the Outer Continental Shelf-Blowout Preventer Systems and Well Control. Federal Register, 81, p. 25887-26038, April 4, 2016.
Accessed from: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/04/29/2016-08921/oil-and-gas-and-sulfur-operations-in-the-outer-continental-shelf-blowout-preventer-systems-and-well

³³ U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management – Development of a New National OCS Program (2019-2024).
Accessed from: https://www.boem.gov/National-OCS-Program/

Part 14: Spills in Oil and Natural Gas Fields

¹ U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration – Incident Statistics.
Accessed from: https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/hazmat-program-management-data-and-statistics/data-operations/incident-statistics

² Patterson, L.A. et al. (2017). Unconventional Oil and Gas Spills: Risks, Mitigation Priorities, and State Reporting Requirements. Environ. Sci. Technol., 51(5), 2563-2573.
Accessed from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b05749

³ U.S. Federal Highway Administration – Freight Facts and Figures 2013: Table 5-18. Number and Volume of Oil Spills In and Around U.S. Waterways: 1990, 2000, and 2009-2011.
Accessed from: https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/freight_analysis/nat_freight_stats/docs/13factsfigures/table5_18.htm

⁴ U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (2013). Oil Spill Occurrence Rates for Alaska North Slope Crude & Refined Oil Spills. Nuka Research & Planning Group, LLC, for BOEM, October 2013. OCS Study BOEM 2013-205.
Accessed from: https://www.boem.gov/uploadedFiles/BOEM/BOEM_Newsroom/Library/Publications/131104_BOEMOilSpillOccurrenceFinalReport.pdf

⁵ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – How Do Oil Spills out at Sea Typically Get Cleaned Up?
Accessed from: https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/about/media/how-do-oil-spills-out-sea-typically-get-cleaned.html

⁶ Image from U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Accessed at: “Company faces $10K for spill near Green River.” B. Maffly, The Salt Lake Tribune, September 4, 2015.
Accessed from: http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=2909655&itype=CMSID#gallery-carousel-446996

⁷ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2015). Review of State and Industry Spill Data: Characterization of Hydraulic Fracturing-Related Spills.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-05/documents/hf_spills_report_final_5-12-15_508_km_sb.pdf

⁸ Maloney, K.O. et al. (2016). Unconventional oil and gas spills: Materials, volumes and risks to surface waters in four states of the U.S.. Sci. Total Environ., 581-582, 369-377.
Accessed from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969716328327?via%3Dihub

⁹ FracFocus Chemical Disclosure Registry.
Accessed from: http://fracfocus.org/

¹⁰ API Energy – Oil Spill Prevention and Response: Land.
Accessed from: http://www.oilspillprevention.org/oil-spill-cleanup/land-oil-spill-cleanup

¹¹ U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (2010). Effects of Oil on Wildlife and Habitat. Fact Sheet, June 2010.
Accessed from: https://www.fws.gov/home/dhoilspill/pdfs/DHJICFWSOilImpactsWildlifeFactSheet.pdf

¹² U.S. Geological Survey – Marcellus Shale Storage Tanks.
Accessed from: https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/marcellus-shale-storage-tanks

¹³ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Oil Spills Prevention and Preparedness Regulations.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/oil-spills-prevention-and-preparedness-regulations

¹⁴ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2015). Review of State and Industry Spill Data: Characterization of Hydraulic Fracturing-Related Spills.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-05/documents/hf_spills_report_final_5-12-15_508_km_sb.pdf

¹⁵ U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency – Oil spill clean up in Kansas.
Accessed from: https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/images/51499

¹⁶ API Energy – Oil Spill Prevention and Response: Land.
Accessed from: http://www.oilspillprevention.org/oil-spill-cleanup/land-oil-spill-cleanup

¹⁷ API Energy – Oil Spill Prevention and Response: Wildlife Cleanup.
Accessed from: http://www.oilspillprevention.org/oil-spill-cleanup/oil-spill-cleanup-toolkit/wildlife-cleanup

¹⁸ Minnesota Pollution Control Agency – National Crude Oil Spill Research Site in Bemidji, Minnesota.
Accessed from: https://www.pca.state.mn.us/waste/national-crude-oil-spill-research-site-bemidji-minnesota

¹⁹ API Energy – Oil Spill Prevention and Response: Toolkit.
Accessed from: http://www.oilspillprevention.org/oil-spill-cleanup/oil-spill-cleanup-toolkit

²⁰ U.S. Geological Survey – Produced Waters Database.
Accessed from: https://eerscmap.usgs.gov/pwapp/

²¹ U.S. Geological Survey (2003). Environmental Impacts of Petroleum Production: Initial Results from the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research Sites, Osage County, Oklahoma. Water-Resources Investigation Report 03-4260.
Accessed from: https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri03-4260/

²² Cozzarelli, I.M. et al. (2017). Environmental signatures and effects of an oil and gas wastewater spill in the Williston Basin, North Dakota. Sci. Total Environ., 579, 1781-1793.
Accessed from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969716326201?via%3Dihub

²³ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Blacktail Creek Spill, Marmon, ND, Region VIII.
Accessed from: https://response.epa.gov/site/site_profile.aspx?site_id=9716

²⁴ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Blacktail Creek Spill.
Accessed from: https://response.epa.gov/site/image_zoom.aspx?site_id=9716&counter=234864

Part 15: Transportation of Oil, Gas, and Refined Products

¹ U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration – National Pipeline Mapping System.
Accessed from: https://www.npms.phmsa.dot.gov/

² U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Administration – Annual Report Mileage Summary Statistics.
Accessed from: https://cms.phmsa.dot.gov/data-and-statistics/pipeline/annual-report-mileage-summary-statistics

³ American Petroleum Institute and Association of Oil Pipe Lines (2016). Pipeline Performance Report & Strategic Plan.
Accessed from: http://www.aopl.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/2016-API-AOPL-Annual-Pipeline-Safety-Excellence-Performance-Report-Strategic-Plan.pdf

⁴ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Petroleum and Other Liquids: Product Supplied.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_cons_psup_dc_nus_mbbl_a.htm

⁵ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Movements of Crude Oil and Selected Products by Rail.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_railNA_a_EPC0_RAIL_mbbl_a.htm

⁶ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Crude-by-rail volumes to the East Coast are declining. Today in Energy, August 3, 2016.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=27352

⁷ Canada National Energy Board – Canadian Crude Oil Exports by Rail – Monthly Data.
Accessed from: https://www.neb-one.gc.ca/nrg/sttstc/crdlndptrlmprdct/stt/cndncrdlxprtsrl-eng.html

⁸ National Tank Truck Carriers (2015). Tank Truck Industry Market Analysis.
Accessed from: http://www.tanktruck.org/publications/tank-truck-industry-market-analysis-now-available

⁹ The Brattle Group (2014). Understanding Crude Oil and Product Markets. Prepared for the American Petroleum Institute.
Accessed from: http://www.api.org/~/media/files/oil-and-natural-gas/crude-oil-product-markets/crude-oil-primer/understanding-crude-oil-and-product-markets-primer-low.pdf

¹⁰ Texas A&M Transportation Institute, Center for Ports and Waterways (2017). A Modal Comparison of Domestic Freight Transportation Effects on the General Public, 2001 – 2014. Prepared for the National Waterways Foundation.
Accessed from: http://nationalwaterwaysfoundation.org/documents/Final%20TTI%20Report%202001-2014%20Approved.pdf

¹¹ File:Oil Barge at the Cape Cod Canal.jpg. Wikimedia Commons user Pvalerio. Reproduced according to a CC BY 3.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en)
Accessed from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_Barge_at_the_Cape_Cod_canal.jpg.

¹² U.S. Energy Information Administration – U.S. Domestic Crude Oil Refinery Receipts by Barge.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=8_NA_8RBD_NUS_MBBL&f=A

¹³ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Monthly Energy Review: Petroleum, March 2018.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/index.php#petroleum

¹⁴ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Exports by Destination: Total Crude Oil and Products.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_expc_a_EP00_EEX_mbbl_a.htm

¹⁵ Natural Resources Canada – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Concerning Federally-Regulated Petroleum Pipelines in Canada.
Accessed from: http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/infrastructure/5893#h-1-4

¹⁶ Canada National Energy Board – 2016 Oil Exports Statistics Summary.
Accessed from: https://www.neb-one.gc.ca/nrg/sttstc/crdlndptrlmprdct/stt/crdlsmmr/2016/smmry2016-eng.html

¹⁷ U.S. Energy Information Administration (2018). 2018 Annual Energy Outlook: Natural Gas Imports and Exports.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/data/browser/#/?id=76-AEO2018®ion=0-0&cases=ref2018&start=2016&end=2050&f=A&linechart=ref2018-d121317a.3-76-AEO2018&sid=&sourcekey=0

¹⁸ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Petroleum and Other Liquids: U.S. Imports by Country of Origin.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_a2_nus_ep00_im0_mbblpd_a.htm

¹⁹ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Petroleum and Other Liquids: Exports by Destination.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_expc_a_EP00_EEX_mbblpd_a.htm

²⁰ United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2017). Review of Maritime Transport 2017.
Accessed from: http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/rmt2017_en.pdf

²¹ U.S. Energy Information Administration (2018). Natural gas prices, production, and exports increased from 2016-2017. Today in Energy, January 16, 2018.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=34532

²² U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission – North American LNG Import/Export Terminals Approved (As of January 24, 2018).
Accessed from: https://www.ferc.gov/industries/gas/indus-act/lng/lng-approved.pdf

²³ U.S. Department of Energy (2018). LNG Monthly, January 2018.
Accessed from: https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/LNG%20Monthly%202018_2.pdf

²⁴ U.S. Energy Information Administration – U.S. Natural Gas Exports and Re-Exports by Point of Exit.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_move_poe2_dcu_YENA-NJA_m.htm

²⁵ U.S. Energy Information Administration – The Basics of Underground Natural Gas Storage.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/storage/basics/

²⁶ U.S. Department of Energy – Strategic Petroleum Reserve.
Accessed from: https://energy.gov/fe/services/petroleum-reserves/strategic-petroleum-reserve

²⁷ U.S. Department of Energy – Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve.
Accessed from: https://energy.gov/fe/services/petroleum-reserves/heating-oil-reserve

²⁸ U.S. Department of Energy – Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve.
Accessed from: https://energy.gov/fe/services/petroleum-reserves/northeast-regional-refined-petroleum-product-reserve

²⁹ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Energy Explained: Use of Heating Oil.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=heating_oil_use

³⁰ U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration – Office of Hazardous Materials Safety: Incident Reports Database Search.
Accessed from: https://hazmatonline.phmsa.dot.gov/IncidentReportsSearch/

³¹ U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration – Pipeline Incident 20 Year Trends: All Reported Incident 20 Year Trend.
Accessed from: https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/data-and-statistics/pipeline/pipeline-incident-20-year-trends

³² U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Extracting the Damaged Pipeline. Accessed on Flickr.
Accessed from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/usepagov/4885250040/in/album-72157624640655996/

³³ Carter, J.M. et al. (2016). Estimating National Water Use Associated with Unconventional Oil and Gas Development. U.S. Geological Survey, Fact Sheet 2016-3032, May 2016.
Accessed from: https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3032/fs20163032.pdf

³⁴ Maupin, M.A. et al. (2014). Estimated Water Use in the United States in 2010. U.S. Geological Survey, Circular 1405.
Accessed from: https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1405/

³⁵ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Water & Energy Efficiency by Sectors: Oil Refineries.
Accessed from: https://www3.epa.gov/region9/waterinfrastructure/oilrefineries.html

³⁶ Veil, J. (2015). U.S. Produced Water Volumes and Management Practices in 2012.
Accessed from: http://www.veilenvironmental.com/publications/pw/prod_water_volume_2012.pdf

³⁷ Management of Oil Field Wastes. P. Wright, Oil & Gas Law Report, March 29, 2013.
Accessed from: http://www.oilandgaslawreport.com/2013/03/29/management-of-oil-field-wastes/

³⁸ U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (2012). Leak Detection Study, DTPH56-11-D-000001.
Accessed from: https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/sites/phmsa.dot.gov/files/docs/technical-resources/pipeline/16691/leak-detection-study.pdf

³⁹ U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration – PHMSA Pipeline Technical Resources.
Accessed from: https://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/ptr.htm

⁴⁰ Federal Energy Regulatory Commission – What FERC Does.
Accessed from: https://www.ferc.gov/about/ferc-does.asp

Part 16: Oil Refining and Gas Processing

¹ File:Crude Oil Distillation-en. Wikimedia Commons users Psarianos & Theresa Knott. Reproduced according to a CC BY-SA 3.0 license. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)
Accessed from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crude_Oil_Distillation-en.svg

² Centre for Industry Education Collaboration, University of York (2014). Cracking and related refinery processes. The Essential Chemical Industry – online.
Accessed from: http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/processes/cracking-isomerisation-and-reforming.html

³ Kokayeff, P. et al. (2014). Hydrotreating in Petroleum Processing. In: Treese, S., Jones, D., Pujado, P. (eds). Handbook of Petroleum Processing. Springer, Cham.
Accessed from: https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-05545-9_4-1

⁴ U.S. Energy Information Administration (2013). Alkylation is an important source for octane in gasoline. Today in Energy, February 13, 2013.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=9971

⁵ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Gasoline Standards: Gasoline Reid Vapor Pressure.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/gasoline-standards/gasoline-reid-vapor-pressure

⁶ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Biofuels: Ethanol and Biodiesel Explained – Use of Ethanol.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=biofuel_ethanol_use

⁷ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Oil: Crude and Petroleum Products Explained – Refining Crude Oil.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=oil_refining

⁸ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Petroleum & Other Liquids: U.S. Product Supplied, Total Crude Oil and Petroleum Products.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_cons_psup_dc_nus_mbblpd_a.htm

⁹ U.S. Energy Information Administration – U.S. Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/hist/n9010us2a.htm

¹⁰ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Natural Gas Annual Respondent Query System, EIA-757: Natural Gas Processing Capacity by Plant , Data through 2014.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ngqs/ngqs.cfm?f_report=RP9

¹¹ U.S. Energy Information Administration – U.S. Dry Natural Gas Production.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/hist/n9070us2A.htm

¹² North American Energy Standards Board.
Accessed from: https://naesb.org/

¹³ Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, e-Education Institute – Petroleum Processing: Natural Gas Composition and Specifications.
Accessed from: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/fsc432/content/natural-gas-composition-and-specifications

¹⁴ Rufford, T.E. et al. (2012). The removal of CO₂ and N₂ from natural gas: A review of conventional and emerging process technologies. J. Pet. Sci. Eng., 94-95, 123-154.
Accessed from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0920410512001581

¹⁵ Sep-Pro Systems – Nitrogen Rejection Units.
Accessed from: http://www.sepprosystems.com/Nitrogen_Rejection_Units.html

¹⁶ U.S. Energy Information Administration (2006). Natural Gas Processing: The Crucial Link between Natural Gas Production and Its Transportation to Market.
Accessed from: http://www.dnr.louisiana.gov/assets/docs/oilgas/naturalgas/ngprocess_20060131.pdf

¹⁷ U.S. Energy Information Administration – U.S. Energy Mapping System.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/state/maps.php

¹⁸ U.S. Department of Energy (2017). Natural Gas Liquids Primer, with a Focus on the Appalachian Region.
Accessed from: https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/12/f46/NGL%20Primer.pdf

¹⁹ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2017). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2015.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2015

²⁰ Global CCS Institute – Projects Database: Large-scale CCS facilities.
Accessed from: https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/projects/large-scale-ccs-projects

Part 17: Non-Fuel Products of Oil and Gas

¹ U.S. Energy Information Administration – How much oil is used to make plastic?
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=34&t=6

² U.S. Energy Information Administration (2015). Growing U.S. HGL production spurs petrochemical industry investment. Today in Energy, January 29, 2015.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=19771

³ U.S. Energy Information Administration – U.S. Refinery Net Production of Naphtha for Petrochemical Feedstock Use.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=MPNRX_NUS_1&f=M

⁴ Plotkin, J.S. (2016). Beyond the Ethylene Steam Cracker. American Chemical Society.
Accessed from: https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/cutting-edge-chemistry/beyond-the-ethylene-steam-cracker.html

⁵ Mitsubishi Chemical Techno-Research, LPG Conference, March 7 , 2017.
Accessed from: http://www.lpgc.or.jp/corporate/information/program5_Japan2.pdf

⁶ Plotkin, J.S. (2015). The Propylene Gap: How Can It Be Filled? American Chemical Society.
Accessed from: https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/cutting-edge-chemistry/the-propylene-gap-how-can-it-be-filled.html

⁷ U.S. Geological Survey (2018). Nitrogen (Fixed) – Ammonia. Mineral Commodity Summaries, 2018.
Accessed from: https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/nitrogen/mcs-2018-nitro.pdf

⁸ Hess, J. et al. (2011). Petroleum and Health Care: Evaluating and Managing Health Care’s Vulnerability to Petroleum Supply Shifts. Am. J. Pub. Health, 101(9), 1568-1579.
Accessed from: https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300233

⁹ American Cleaning Institute – Soaps & Detergents: Chemistry (Surfactants).
Accessed from: https://www.cleaninginstitute.org/clean_living/soaps__detergents_chemistry_2.aspx

¹⁰ U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service – Fertilizer Use and Price, 2018.
Accessed from: https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/fertilizer-use-and-price.aspx

¹¹ U.S. Energy Information Administration (2017). First world-scale, greenfield nitrogenous fertilizer plant opened in over 25 years. Natural Gas Weekly Update, May 4, 2017.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/weekly/archivenew_ngwu/2017/05_04/

¹² Penn State Extension – Gas, Cracker, Polymer, Pellets – Ethane’s Journey to Plastics. Shale Gas Webinar, September 21, 2017.
Accessed from: https://extension.psu.edu/gas-cracker-polymer-pellets-ethane-s-journey-to-plastics

¹³ U.S Energy Information Administration – Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_prod_sum_a_EPG0_FGW_mmcf_a.htm

¹⁴ U.S. Energy Information Administration (2017). Appalachian natural gas processing capacity key to increasing natural gas, NGPL production. Today in Energy, August 29, 2017.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=32692

¹⁵ U.S. Energy Information Administration (2016). Short-term Outlook for Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/steo/special/supplements/2016/hgl/pdf/2016_sp_01.pdf

¹⁶ Shell – Pennsylvania Chemicals Project: Frequently Asked Questions.
Accessed from: http://www.shell.us/about-us/projects-and-locations/pennsylvania-chemicals-project/appalachian-petrochemical-project-frequently-asked-questions.html

¹⁷ File:Top dressing winter wheat – geograph.org.uk – 1740985. Wikimedia Commons, Author: Michael Trolove. Reproduced according to a CC BY-SA 2.0 license. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en)
Accessed from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Top_dressing_winter_wheat_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1740985.jpg

¹⁸ Photo by Airman Valerie Monroy, U.S. Air Force.
Accessed from: https://www.dvidshub.net/image/2485461/dea-host-national-prescription-drug-take-back

¹⁹ Vaseline – What is Petroleum Jelly, and What is it Used For?
Accessed from: http://www.vaseline.us/skin-health-care/what-is-petroleum-jelly.html

²⁰ Connelly, D. (2014). A history of aspirin. Clinical Pharmacist, September 2014, 6(7), online.
Accessed from: https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/news-and-analysis/infographics/a-history-of-aspirin/20066661.article

²¹ U.S. Geological Survey (2018). Sulfur. Mineral Commodity Summaries, 2018.
Accessed from: https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/sulfur/mcs-2017-sulfu.pdf

²² Apodaca, L.E. (2017). Sulfur. 2015 Minerals Yearbook, U.S. Geological Survey.
Accessed from: https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/sulfur/myb1-2015-sulfu.pdf

²³ U.S. Geological Survey (2018). Helium. Mineral Commodity Summaries, 2018.
Accessed from: https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/helium/mcs-2018-heliu.pdf

²⁴ File:MRI-Philips.JPG. Wikimedia Commons user Jan Ainali. Reproduced according to a CC BY 3.0 license. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en)
Accessed from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MRI-Philips.JPG

²⁵ Barnes, D.K.A. et al. (2009). Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 364,1985-1998.
Accessed from: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1526/1985

²⁶ Ryan, P.G. (1990). The effects of ingested plastic and other marine debris on seabirds. NOAA Technical Memo NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-154.
Accessed from: https://swfsc.noaa.gov/publications/TM/SWFSC/NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-154_P623.PDF

²⁷ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Nutrient Pollution: The Sources and Solutions: Agriculture.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/sources-and-solutions-agriculture

²⁸ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Emergency Response: Sorbents. EPA Archive, January 19, 2017.
Accessed from: https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/emergency-response/sorbents_.html

²⁹ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/npdes

³⁰ File:Silt fence EPA. Obtained from Wikimedia Commons. Public Domain.
Accessed from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Silt_fence_EPA.jpg

³¹ Rochelle, G.T. (2009). Amine Scrubbing for CO₂ capture. Science, 325, 1652-1654.
Accessed from: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/325/5948/1652

³² Petra Nova, World’s Largest Post-Combustion Carbon Capture Project, Begins Commerical Operation. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, January 11, 2017.
Accessed from: https://energy.gov/fe/articles/petra-nova-world-s-largest-post-combustion-carbon-capture-project-begins-commercial

³³ Container Recycling Institute – Plastic Facts and Statistics.
Accessed from: http://www.container-recycling.org/index.php/factsstatistics/plastic

³⁴ Plastic Film Recycling – Learn What’s Recyclable.
Accessed from: https://www.plasticfilmrecycling.org/recycling-bags-and-wraps/plastic-film-education-individuals/learn-whats-recyclable/

³⁵ American Chemistry Council – What Plastics Can Become.
Accessed from: https://www.recycleyourplastics.org/consumers/kids-recycling/plastics-can-become/

³⁶ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2016). Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2014 Fact Sheet.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/2014_smmfactsheet_508.pdf

Part 18: Air Quality Impacts of Oil and Gas

¹ World Health Organization – Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health.
Accessed from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/

² U.S. National Park Service – Where Does Air Pollution Come From?
Accessed from: https://www.nps.gov/subjects/air/sources.htm

³ Bernice 1 and 2 wells with moisture flare – Evanson Place – Arnegard North Dakota – 2013-07-04. Flickr user Tim Evanson. Reproduced according to a CC BY-SA 2.0 license. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/)
Accessed from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/23165290@N00/9287130523/

⁴ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Air Emissions Sources.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-inventories/air-emissions-sources

⁵ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – What are Hazardous Air Pollutants?
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/haps/what-are-hazardous-air-pollutants

⁶ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Overview of the Clean Air Act and Air Pollution.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview

⁷ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – The Clean Air Act in a Nutshell: How it Works , March 2013.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-05/documents/caa_nutshell.pdf

⁸ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – New Source Performance Standards.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/new-source-performance-standards

⁹ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Air Emissions Inventories: National Summary of VOC Emissions.
Accessed from: https://www3.epa.gov/cgi-bin/broker?polchoice=VOC&_debug=0&_service=data&_program=dataprog.national_1.sas

¹⁰ Schade, G.W. and Roest, G. (2016). Analysis of non-methane hydrocarbon data from a monitoring station affected by oil and gas development in the Eagle Ford shale, Texas. Elem. Sci. Anth., 4, 96.
Accessed from: https://www.elementascience.org/articles/10.12952/journal.elementa.000096/

¹¹ Texas Commission on Environmental Quality – Air Quality: Eagle Ford Shale Geological Area.
Accessed from: https://www.tceq.texas.gov/airquality/eagleford/eagle-ford-main

¹² U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Enforcement: Civil Cases and Settlements.
Accessed from: https://cfpub.epa.gov/enforcement/cases/

¹³ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Enforcement: Petroleum Refinery National Case Results.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/petroleum-refinery-national-case-results

¹⁴ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Clear Air Act Standards and Guidelines for Petroleum Refineries and Distribution Industry.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/clean-air-act-standards-and-guidelines-petroleum-refineries-and

¹⁵ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2011). Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) Program: Lifting of Administrative Stay for Hydrogen Sulfide.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program/lifting-administrative-stay-hydrogen-sulfide

¹⁶ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – AP 42: Compilation of Air Emission Factors, Fifth Edition, Volume 1, Chapter 5: Petroleum Industry.
Accessed from: https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch05/index.html

¹⁷ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Reducing Emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/haps/reducing-emissions-hazardous-air-pollutants

¹⁸ Oil Refiners to Reduce Air Pollution at Six Refineries Under Settlement with EPA and Department of Justice. U.S. Department of Justice Press Release, July 18, 2016.
Accessed from: https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/oil-refiners-reduce-air-pollution-six-refineries-under-settlement-epa-and-department-justice

¹⁹ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2010). Available and emerging technologies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the petroleum refining industry.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/refineries.pdf

²⁰ Bay Area Air Quality Management District (2015). Petroleum Refinery Emissions Reduction Strategy: Workshop Report, September 2015.
Accessed from: http://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/files/communications-and-outreach/community-outreach/refinery-rules/workshop_report_final-pdf.pdf

²¹ Sage Environmental Consulting for the American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers (2015). Historical Air Emissions from United States Petroleum Refineries.
Accessed from: https://www.afpm.org/uploadedFiles/Content/documents/Sage-Report.pdf

²² Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (2016). APWL [Air Pollution Watch List] Proposed Change Document: Delisting – Benzene, Galena Park, TX.
Accessed from: https://www.tceq.texas.gov/assets/public/implementation/tox/apwl/proposed/delisting/doc/1206-benzene.pdf

²³ File:Houston Ship Channel Galena. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Accessed via Wikimedia Commons. Public Domain.
Accessed from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Houston_Ship_Channel_Galena.jpg

²⁴ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Air Quality – National Summary.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/air-trends/air-quality-national-summary

²⁵ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2017). AirTrends Annual Report: Unhealthy Air Quality Days Trending Down.
Accessed from: https://gispub.epa.gov/air/trendsreport/2017/#unhealthy_aq_days

²⁶ EPA Takes Final Step in Phaseout of Leaded Gasoline. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Press Release, January 29, 1996.
Accessed from: https://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/epa-takes-final-step-phaseout-leaded-gasoline.html

²⁷ U.S. Federal Aviation Administration – About Aviation Gasoline.
Accessed from: https://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/avgas/

²⁸ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Lead Trends.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/air-trends/lead-trends

²⁹ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Table of Historical Sulfur Dioxide National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/so2-pollution/table-historical-sulfur-dioxide-national-ambient-air-quality-standards-naaqs

³⁰ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Acid Rain Program: Overview.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/acid-rain-program

³¹ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2017). AirTrends Annual Report: Air Quality Improves as America Grows.
Accessed from: https://gispub.epa.gov/air/trendsreport/2017/#highlights

³² U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Table of Historical Particulate Matter (PM) National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/table-historical-particulate-matter-pm-national-ambient-air-quality-standards-naaqs

³³ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Table of Historical Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/ozone-pollution/table-historical-ozone-national-ambient-air-quality-standards-naaqs

³⁴ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Air Pollutant Emissions Trends Data.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-inventories/air-pollutant-emissions-trends-data

³⁵ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Regulations to Reduce Mobile Source Pollution.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/mobile-source-pollution/regulations-reduce-mobile-source-pollution

³⁶ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Ambient Concentrations of Benzene.
Accessed from: https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/documents/BenzeneConcentrations.pdf

³⁷ HDR: Los Angeles Skyline. Flickr user Al Pavangkanan. Reproduced according to a CC BY 2.0 license. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
Accessed from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/drtran/2186120627

³⁸ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Air Pollution: Current and Future Challenges.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/air-pollution-current-and-future-challenges

³⁹ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act 1990-2020, the Second Prospective Study.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/benefits-and-costs-clean-air-act-1990-2020-second-prospective-study

Part 19: Methane Emissions in the Oil and Gas Industry

¹ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Overview of Greenhouse Gases.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases

² U.S. Energy Information Administration – Electric Power Monthly, Table 1.1 – Net Generation by Energy Source: Total (All Sectors), 2007-December 2017.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_1_1

³ National Energy Technology Laboratory (2013). Cost and Performance Baseline for Fossil Energy Plants, Volume 1: Bituminous Coal and Natural Gas to Electricity , Revision 2a, September 2013.
Accessed from: https://www.netl.doe.gov/File%20Library/Research/Energy%20Analysis/OE/BitBase_FinRep_Rev2a-3_20130919_1.pdf

⁴ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2017). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2015.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2015

⁵ Schmidt, G. (2004). Methane: A Scientific Journey from Obscurity to Super-Stardom. NASA Research Features.
Accessed from: https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/features/200409_methane/

⁶ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change – National Reports.
Accessed from: https://unfccc.int/topics/mitigation/workstreams/nationally-appropriate-mitigation-actions

⁷ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP).
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/ghgreporting

⁸ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2013). Petroleum and Natural Gas Systems: 2011 Data Summary.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-02/documents/supporting-info-2011-data-summary.pdf

⁹ Heath, G. et al. (2015). Estimating U.S. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Supply Chain: Approaches, Uncertainties, Current Estimates, and Future Studies. Joint Institute for Strategic Energy Analysis, Technical Report NREL/TP-6A50-62820.
Accessed from: https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/62820.pdf

¹⁰ Zavala-Araiza, D. et al. (2015). Toward a Functional Definition of Methane Super-Emitters: Application to Natural Gas Production Sites. Environ. Sci. Technol., 49(13), 8167-8174.
Accessed from: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.est.5b00133

¹¹ Lattanzio, R.K. (2018). Methane and Other Air Pollution Issues in Natural Gas Systems. Congressional Research Service Report R42986
Accessed from:

¹² EDF Announces Satellite Mission to Locate and Measure Methane Emissions. Environmental Defense Fund Press Release, Apri l 11, 2018.
Accessed from: https://www.edf.org/media/edf-announces-satellite-mission-locate-and-measure-methane-emissions

¹³ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report Archive.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/us-greenhouse-gas-inventory-report-archive

¹⁴ Environmental Defense Fund (2017) – Methane Research: The 16 Study Series.
Accessed from: https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/methane_studies_fact_sheet.pdf

¹⁵ Lyon, D. et al. (2016). Aerial Surveys of Elevated Hydrocarbon Emissions from Oil and Gas Production Sites. Environ. Sci. Technol., 50(9), 4877-4886.
Accessed from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b00705

¹⁶ Townsend-Small, A. et al. (2015). Integrating Source Apportionment Tracers into a Bottom-up Inventory of Methane Emissions in the Barnett Shale Hydraulic Fracturing Region. Environ. Sci. Technol., 49(13), 8175-8182.
Accessed from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b00057

¹⁷ Zavala-Araiza, D. et al. (2015). Reconciling divergent estimates of oil and gas methane emissions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 112(51), 15597-15602.
Accessed from: http://www.pnas.org/content/112/51/15597.full

Part 20: Mitigating and Regulating Methane Emissions

¹ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Natural Gas STAR Program: Overview of the Oil and Natural Gas Industry.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/natural-gas-star-program/overview-oil-and-natural-gas-industry

² File:Flaring extra Gas in the Bakken.JPG. Wikimedia Commons user Joshua Doubek. Reproduced according to a CC BY-SA 3.0 license. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)
Accessed from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flaring_extra_Gas_in_the_Bakken.JPG

³ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Understanding Global Warming Potentials.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/understanding-global-warming-potentials

⁴ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Ozone Pollution.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/ozone-pollution

⁵ American Petroleum Institute (2017). Natural Gas, Oil Industry Launch Environmental Partnership to Accelerate Reductions in Methane, VOCs. December, 2017.
Accessed from: http://www.api.org/news-policy-and-issues/news/2017/12/04/natural-gas-oil-environmental-partnership-accelerate-reductions-methane-vocs

⁶ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Controlling Air Pollution from the Oil and Natural Gas Industry: New Source Performance Standards and Permitting Requirements.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/controlling-air-pollution-oil-and-natural-gas-industry/new-source-performance-standards-and

⁷ National Conference of State Legislatures (2014). State Methane Policies.
Accessed from: http://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/state-methane-policies.aspx

⁸ International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (2014). Green Completions.
Accessed from: http://www.ipieca.org/resources/energy-efficiency-solutions/units-and-plants-practices/green-completions/

⁹ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2012). Overview of Final Amendments to Air Regulations for the Oil and Gas Industry.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/natural_gas_transmission_fact_sheet_2012.pdf

¹⁰ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Actions and Notices about Oil and Natural Gas Air Pollution Standards.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/controlling-air-pollution-oil-and-natural-gas-industry/actions-and-notices-about-oil-and-natural-gas

¹¹ U.S. Energy Information Administration (2016). Natural gas flaring in North Dakota has declined sharply since 2014. Today in Energy, June 13, 2016.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=26632

¹² Roy Luck – Crosstex gas processing facility. Taken on May 9, 2009. Flickr. Reproduced according to a CC BY 2.0 license. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
Accessed from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/royluck/3519496307

¹³ U.S. Bureau of Land Management (2016). Waste Prevention, Production Subject to Royalties, and Resource Conservation. Federal Register, 81, p. 83008-83089, November 18, 2016.
Accessed from: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/11/18/2016-27637/waste-prevention-production-subject-to-royalties-and-resource-conservation

¹⁴ EPA Releases First-Ever Standards to Cut Methane Emissions from the Oil and Gas Sector. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency press release, May 12, 2016.
Accessed from: https://archive.epa.gov/epa/newsreleases/epa-releases-first-ever-standards-cut-methane-emissions-oil-and-gas-sector.html

¹⁵ Clark Hill PLC (2017). Court Vacates EPA Stay of Methane Emissions Final Rule. Lexology, September 29, 2017.
Accessed from: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=009a6130-6ef8-49f4-af57-e4e2c925fa33

¹⁶ California Air Resources Board (2017). CARB approves rule for monitoring and repairing methane leaks from oil and gas facilities. News Release #17-18, March 23, 2017.
Accessed from: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/index.php/news/carb-approves-rule-monitoring-and-repairing-methane-leaks-oil-and-gas-facilities

¹⁷ Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection – How Pennsylvania is Regulating Methane from the Oil and Gas Industry.
Accessed from: http://files.dep.state.pa.us/Air/AirQuality/AQPortalFiles/Permits/gp/MethaneRegulations.pdf

¹⁸ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – EPA’s Voluntary Methane Programs for the Oil and Natural Gas Industry.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/natural-gas-star-program

¹⁹ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – AgSTAR: Biogas Recovery in the Agricultural Sector.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/agstar

Part 21: U.S. Regulation of Oil and Gas Operations

¹ Railroad Commission of Texas - Railroad Commission Milestones.
Accessed from: http://www.rrc.state.tx.us/about-us/history/milestones/

² Interstate Oil & Gas Compact Commission – Our History.
Accessed from: http://iogcc.publishpath.com/history

³ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Regulatory Information by Sector: Oil and Gas Extraction Sector.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/regulatory-information-sector/oil-and-gas-extraction-sector-naics-211

⁴ U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration – OSHA Law & Regulations.
Accessed from: https://www.osha.gov/law-regs.html

⁵ Interstate Oil & Gas Compact Commission – Member States.
Accessed from: http://iogcc.ok.gov/member-states

⁶ Mapchart.net.
Accessed from: https://mapchart.net/usa.html

⁷ Interstate Oil & Gas Compact Commission – Interstate Oil and Gas Commission Charter.
Accessed from: http://iogcc.publishpath.com/charter

⁸ Interstate Oil & Gas Compact Commission – Summary of State Statutes and Regulations.
Accessed from: http://iogcc.publishpath.com/state-statutes

⁹ Ground Water Protection Council (2009). State Oil and Natural Gas Regulations Designed to Protect Water Resources. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Energy Technology Laboratory, May 2009.
Accessed from: http://www.gwpc.org/sites/default/files/state_oil_and_gas_regulations_designed_to_protect_water_resources_0.pdf

¹⁰ U.S. Office of Natural Resources Revenue – Production Data.
Accessed from: https://www.onrr.gov/About/production-data.htm

¹¹ U.S. Energy Information Administration – Crude Oil Production.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_crd_crpdn_adc_mbblpd_a.htm

¹² U.S. Energy Information Administration – U.S. Dry Natural Gas Production.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/hist/n9070us2m.htm

¹³ U.S. Geological Survey – The National Map: Federal Lands and Indian Reservations.
Accessed from: https://nationalmap.gov/small_scale/printable/fedlands.html

¹⁴ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Regulatory Information by Sector: Oil and Gas Extraction Sector.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/regulatory-information-sector/oil-and-gas-extraction-sector-naics-211

¹⁵ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Reduced Emission Completions for Hydraulically Fractured Natural Gas Wells.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/natural-gas-star-program/reduced-emission-completions-hydraulically-fractured-natural-gas-wells

¹⁶ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Actions and Notices about Oil and Natural Gas Air Pollution Standards.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/controlling-air-pollution-oil-and-natural-gas-industry/actions-and-notices-about-oil-and-natural-gas

¹⁷ Model Advances Analysis of Offshore BOP Closure during Extreme Pressure and Flow Conditions. U.S. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement press release, February 17, 2017.
Accessed from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/bseegov/33036282232

¹⁸ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2015). Minimizing and Managing Potential Impacts of Injection-Induced Seismicity from Class II Disposal Wells: Practical Approaches.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/induced-seismicity-201502.pdf

¹⁹ Bureau of Land Management – Oil and Gas: Regulations, Onshore Orders and Notices to Lessees.
Accessed from: https://www.blm.gov/programs/energy-and-minerals/oil-and-gas/operations-and-production/onshore-orders

²⁰ BLM Rescinds Rule on Hydraulic Fracturing. U.S. Bureau of Land Management Press Release, December 28, 2017.
Accessed from: https://www.blm.gov/press-release/blm-rescinds-rule-hydraulic-fracturing

²¹ National Park Service (2015). Cost-Benefit and Regulatory Flexibility Analyses: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Proposed Revisions to 36 CFR Part 9, Subpart B.
Accessed from: https://www.nps.gov/subjects/energyminerals/upload/2015-09-21-NPS-Non-Federal-Oil-and-Gas-CBA-FINAL.pdf

²² Electronic Code of Federal Regulations – Title 36, Chapter I, Part 6, Subpart B: Non-Federal Oil and Gas Rights.
Accessed from: https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/retrieveECFR?gp=5&SID=9c85083e615b54def9a6b52c9f0566eb&ty=HTML&h=L&mc=true&n=sp36.1.9.b&r=SUBPART

²³ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – National Environmental Policy Act.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/nepa

²⁴ U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management – Outer Continental Shelf.
Accessed from: https://www.boem.gov/Outer-Continental-Shelf/

²⁵ Cameron Jr., B. and Matthews, T. (2016). OCS Regulatory Framework. U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management report BOEM 2016-014.
Accessed from: https://www.boem.gov/OCS-Regulatory-Framework/

²⁶ National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council (2012). Macondo Well Deepwater Horizon Blowout: Lessons for Improving Offshore Drilling Safety. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Accessed from: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13273/macondo-well-deepwater-horizon-blowout-lessons-for-improving-offshore-drilling

²⁷ U.S. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement – Regulations.
Accessed from: https://www.bsee.gov/guidance-and-regulations/regulations

²⁸ U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration – State Programs Overview.
Accessed from: https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/working-phmsa/state-programs/state-programs-overview

²⁹ Pless, J. (2011). Making State Gas Pipelines Safe and Reliable: An Assessment of State Policy. National Conference of State Legislatures, March 2011.
Accessed from: http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/state-gas-pipelines-federal-and-state-responsibili.aspx

³⁰ U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration – Pipeline Technical Resources.
Accessed from: https://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/ptr.htm

³¹ U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration – Underground Natural Gas Storage.
Accessed from: https://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/ung/index.htm

³² U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Clean Air Act Standards and Guidelines for Petroleum Refineries and Distribution Industry.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/clean-air-act-standards-and-guidelines-petroleum-refineries-and

³³ Federal Energy Regulatory Commission – What FERC does.
Accessed from: https://www.ferc.gov/about/ferc-does.asp

³⁴ Shea, D. et al. (2015). Transporting Crude Oil by Rail: State and Federal Action. National Conference of State Legislatures, October 30, 2015.
Accessed from: http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/transporting-crude-oil-by-rail-state-and-federal-action.aspx

³⁵ Durkay, J. (2017). State Renewable Portfolio Standards and Goals. National Conference of State Legislatures, August 1, 2017.
Accessed from: http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/renewable-portfolio-standards.aspx

³⁶ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Renewable Fuel Standard Program.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/renewable-fuel-standard-program

³⁷ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Final Renewable Fuel Standards for 2018, and the Biomass-based Diesel Volume for 2019.
Accessed from: https://www.epa.gov/renewable-fuel-standard-program/final-renewable-fuel-standards-2018-and-biomass-based-diesel-volume

³⁸ U.S. Energy Information Administration (2016). Almost all U.S. Gasoline is blended with 10% ethanol. Today in Energy, May 4, 2016.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=26092

³⁹ U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service – Endangered Species Act: Overview.
Accessed from: https://www.fws.gov/endangered/laws-policies/

⁴⁰ Joy, M.P. and Dimitroff, S.D. (2016). Oil and gas regulation in the United States: overview. Westlaw, June 1, 2016.
Accessed from: https://content.next.westlaw.com/Document/I466099551c9011e38578f7ccc38dcbee/View/FullText.html

Part 22: Health and Safety in Oil and Gas Extraction

¹ U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics – Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. (2017 NAICS codes: 211120, 211130, 213111, and 213112)
Accessed from: https://www.bls.gov/cew/

² U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics – Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
Accessed from: https://www.bls.gov/iif/oshcfoi1.htm

³ Mason, K.L. et al. (2015). Occupational Fatalities During the Oil and Gas Boom – United States, 2003-2013. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 64(2), 551-554.
Accessed from: https://www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6420a4.htm

⁴ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2010). NIOSH Field Effort to Assess Chemical Exposure Risks to Gas and Oil Workers. Fact Sheet, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-130.
Accessed from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2010-130/pdfs/2010-130.pdf

⁵ Kiefer, M. (2013). NIOSH Safety and Health Research in Oil and Gas Extraction. Board of Scientific Counselors Meeting, September 18, 2013.
Accessed from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/niosh-278/nioshbschydraulicfracturing_09182013.pdf

⁶ Esswein et al. (2013). Occupational Exposures to Respirable Crystalline Silica During Hydraulic Fracturing. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 10(7), 347-356.
Accessed from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23679563

⁷ NIOSH Research Rounds – Investigators Design Experimental Engineering Control for Silica Dust.
Accessed from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/research-rounds/resroundsv2n1.html

⁸ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – Silica.
Accessed from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/silica/default.html

⁹ Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2012). OSHA-NIOSH Hazard Alert: Worker Exposure to Silica During Hydraulic Fracturing.
Accessed from: https://www.osha.gov/dts/hazardalerts/hydraulic_frac_hazard_alert.pdf

¹⁰ Occupational Safety and Health Administration – Frequently Asked Questions: Respirable Crystalline Silica Rule.
Accessed from: https://www.osha.gov/silica/Silica_FAQs_2016-3-22.pdf

¹¹ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2016). NIOSH-OSHA Hazard Alert: Health and Safety Risks for Workers Involved in Manual Tank Gauging and Sampling at Oil and Gas Extraction Sites.
Accessed from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2016-108/pdfs/2016-108.pdf

¹² California Department of Public Health and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2017). Protecting Oil and Gas Workers from Hydrocarbon Gases and Vapors. Video Pub. No. 2017-158D.
Accessed from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/video/2017-158d/default.html

¹³ Occupational Safety and Health Administration – Occupational Noise Exposure.
Accessed from: https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/noisehearingconservation/

¹⁴ Occupational Safety and Health Administration – Occupational Safety and Health Standards: Air Contaminants. Standard Number 1910.1000.
Accessed from: https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9991

¹⁵ International Agency for Research on Cancer (2012). Chemical Agents and Related Occupations. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 100F.
Accessed from: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol100F/

¹⁶ Occupational Safety and Health Administration - Hazard Communication Standard: Safety Data Sheets.
Accessed from: https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3514.html

¹⁷ NORA Oil and Gas Extraction Council. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Accessed from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nora/councils/oilgas/default.html

¹⁸ American Petroleum Institute – Occupational Health and Safety in the Industry.
Accessed from: http://www.api.org/oil-and-natural-gas/health-and-safety/health-and-safety-in-the-industry

¹⁹ Association of Energy Service Companies - Industry Resources.
Accessed from: http://www.aesc.net/AESC/Industry_Resources/AESC/Industry_Resources/Industry_Resources.aspx?hkey=67c9ecae-7ac2-420f-9ae7-7c3389b27a30

²⁰ International Association of Drilling Contractors – Health, Safety, and Environmental Case Guidelines.
Accessed from: http://www.iadc.org/iadc-hse-case-guidelines/

²¹ National STEPS Network.
Accessed from: https://www.nationalstepsnetwork.com/

Part 23: Subsurface Data in the Oil and Gas Industry

¹ U.S. Energy Information Administration (2016). Trends in U.S. Oil and Natural Gas Upstream Costs.
Accessed from: https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/drilling/pdf/upstream.pdf

² Bureau of Ocean Energy Management – Record of Decision, Atlantic OCS Region Geological and Geophysical Activities.
Accessed from: https://www.boem.gov/Record-of-Decision/

³ Varhaug, M. (2016). Basic Well Log Interpretation. The Defining Series, Oilfield Review.
Accessed from: https://www.slb.com/-/media/Files/resources/oilfield_review/defining_series/Defining-Log-Interpretation.pdf?la=en&hash=3DD25483EEE6EBAA69320AF7612AB9E9C4066993

⁴ Schlumberger – 1920s: The First Well Log.
Accessed from: https://www.slb.com/about/history/1920s.aspx

⁵ AAPGWiki – Overview of Routine Core Analysis.
Accessed from: http://wiki.aapg.org/Overview_of_routine_core_analysis

⁶ Zihlman, F.N. et al. (2000). Selected Data from Fourteen Wildcat Wells in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska. USGS Open File Report 00-200. Core from the well “East Simpson 2”, Image no. 0462077.
Accessed from: https://certmapper.cr.usgs.gov/data/pubarchives/of00-200/wells/ESIMP2/CORE/ES2CORE.HTM

⁷ Society of Petroleum Engineers PetroWiki – Petrophysics.
Accessed from: http://petrowiki.org/Petrophysics

⁸ Big Data Growth Continues in Seismic Surveys. K. Boman, Rigzone, September 2, 2015.
Accessed from: http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/140418/big_data_growth_continues_in_seismic_surveys

⁹ U.S. Geological Survey Core Research Center – Frequently Asked Questions.
Accessed from: https://geology.cr.usgs.gov/crc/FAQ.html

¹⁰ Kansas Geological Society & Library – Oil and Gas Well Data.
Accessed from: http://www.kgslibrary.com/

¹¹ Akintomide, A.O. and Dawers, N.H. (2016). Structure of the Northern Margin of the Terrebonne Trough, Southeastern Louisiana: Implications for Salt Withdrawal and Miocene to Holocene Fault Activity. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 48(7), Paper No. 244-2.
Accessed from: https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2016AM/webprogram/Paper286148.html

¹² Shaw, J. and Shearer, P. (1999). An Elusive Blind-Thrust Fault Beneath Metropolitan Los Angeles. Science, 283, 1516-1518.
Accessed from: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/283/5407/1516